Learn about the principles of manipulating light through micro and nano-optics in this 25-minute lecture delivered by Dr. Shanti Bhattacharya, Professor at IIT Madras's Department of Electrical Engineering, during WOPI 2022. Explore fundamental concepts including flat top light, vessel beams, diffraction, and self-healing properties of light. Delve into technical aspects of refractive indices, lens shapes, focus mechanisms, and feature sizes while understanding diffractive optical elements and interference patterns. Discover the engineering of phase, orbital angular momentum beams, and input-to-output conversion processes. Master the fabrication techniques involving lithography, optical structures, phase levels, and phase lookup tables. Gain insights into complex light manipulation and the practical applications of holographic optical elements in modern optical engineering.