Explore the complexities of governing diverse societies in this thought-provoking lecture. Delve into various models of governance, including those of Japan, Europe, the United States, Singapore, and India. Examine concepts such as language density, road diversity, access to capital, and cultural pluralism. Analyze the challenges of backlash, standardization, and hierarchy in diverse populations. Investigate the relationship between cultural diversity and democracy, and consider the political expression of diversity. Reflect on cultural evolution and the concept of optimal heterogeneity in societal structures. Gain insights into the marginal diminishing returns of diversity and its implications for effective governance in hyperdiverse societies.