Explore the fundamentals of phonology and morphology in this comprehensive lecture from the CMU Low Resource NLP Bootcamp 2020. Delve into language structure, levels of representation, and the origins of linguistic knowledge. Learn about the three subfields of phonetics, articulation mechanics, and the International Phonetic Alphabet. Discover why orthography alone is insufficient and how to utilize IPA effectively. Examine sound patterns, allophones, morpheme variations, and phonological processes such as apocope, voicing assimilation, and schwa epenthesis. Gain insights into linguistic phenomena that impact natural language processing, especially in low-resource scenarios.