Explore advanced natural language processing concepts in this lecture on information extraction and knowledge-based question answering. Delve into the fundamentals of knowledge graphs and ontologies, learn techniques for relation extraction from embeddings, and discover methods for learning embeddings from relations. Investigate how to probe language models for knowledge. Gain insights into structured knowledge bases, distance supervision noise, and knowledge injection. Examine open information extraction, neural models for relations, and practical examples of relation extraction. Part of CMU's Advanced NLP course, this comprehensive lecture provides a deep dive into cutting-edge NLP techniques for working with knowledge and information.