Explore the fascinating world of microbiome evolution in this comprehensive conference talk from the Computational Genomics Summer Institute. Delve into the intricate processes that determine the fate of new mutations and shape the traits of microbial populations in the gut. Discover the types of data required for studying population genetics in the microbiome and investigate the number of strains colonizing a host. Examine the biogeography of gut microbes and uncover evidence of bacterial evolution within the host. Analyze the potential impact of rapid evolution on microbiome ecology. Gain valuable insights from related research papers on evolutionary dynamics, strain turnover in infant gut microbiomes, and responses to antibiotic treatment. Conclude with a comprehensive overview of population genetics in the microbiome, providing a solid foundation for further exploration in this cutting-edge field.