Explore the critical field of conservation genomics in this comprehensive lecture from the Fifth Bangalore School on Population Genetics and Evolution. Delve into the challenges of the Anthropocene era, where one in four species face extinction risks. Examine key concepts such as population demography, genetic diversity, and extinction vortices. Learn about advanced genomic techniques like Pairwise Sequentially Markovian Coalescent and Ancestral Recombination Graphs for reconstructing demographic histories. Investigate real-world case studies, including the California condor and Tasmanian devils, to understand heritability and genetic architecture. Analyze the potential and pitfalls of genetic rescue efforts, exemplified by the Florida panther and Isle Royale wolves. Gain insights into the application of genomics in conservation efforts and its significance in preserving biodiversity in our rapidly changing world.