Explore the quantitative understanding of evolution in this comprehensive lecture by Daniel Fisher at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences. Delve into the basic laws of evolution, DNA sequencing technology, and recent laboratory experiments that have enabled direct observations of evolutionary processes. Examine the challenges in predicting the rate of evolution, the dynamics of large populations, and the role of rare events. Investigate simplified models like the fitness staircase and snowscape to understand complex biological systems. Consider the evolutionary-ecological dynamics of bacterial populations and the puzzling prevalence of sexual reproduction. Learn about cutting-edge research in microbial evolutionary dynamics and efforts to make evolutionary biology more quantitative, akin to condensed matter physics. Engage with thought-provoking questions and gain insights into the future prospects of evolutionary biology research.