Explore the foundations of modern cosmology in this illuminating lecture by renowned physicist P. James E. Peebles. Delve into the natural science approach to understanding the universe, examining key concepts and theories that shape our current cosmological models. Learn about the observational evidence supporting these ideas and gain insights into the ongoing research challenges in the field. Discover how scientists investigate the origins, evolution, and structure of the cosmos, and consider the implications of recent discoveries for our understanding of the universe's past, present, and future.