Explore the groundbreaking contributions of Kepler, Galileo, and Newton in this 33-minute lecture on the birth of modern astronomy. Delve into Kepler's three laws of planetary motion, including elliptical orbits and the mathematical relationships between orbital periods and distances. Discover Galileo's revolutionary observations of the imperfect Sun and Moon, stellar parallax, Jupiter's moons, and Venus' phases, as well as his conflict with the Church. Examine Newton's transformative laws of motion and universal gravitation, which provided a unified explanation for celestial and terrestrial phenomena. Gain insights into the fundamental principles that shaped our understanding of the cosmos and laid the foundation for modern physics.