Explore the fascinating world of genetic mutations in this 35-minute lecture by Alison Woollard, a University Lecturer in Genetics at the University of Oxford. Delve into the fundamental concepts of DNA, genetic diversity, and evolution, starting with an examination of what mutations are and how they occur. Learn about the structure of DNA molecules, the process of DNA replication, and the various ways mutations can arise and affect cells. Discover the historical context of genetic research, including the contributions of Mendel and Darwin, and understand how natural selection drives evolutionary processes. Examine the significance of genome sequencing and its impact on various fields of biology. Consider the medical benefits and ethical implications of genetic testing and technologies like CRISPR. Conclude by pondering what makes humans unique from a genetic perspective, gaining a comprehensive understanding of how mutations shape life on Earth.