Explore the intersection of mathematics and biology in this 2-hour 10-minute lecture by Misha Gromov at the Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques (IHES). Begin with a review of fundamental molecular structures in living organisms, including the Crick dogma and genetic code. Examine classical examples of mathematical thought in genetics, from Darwin and Mendel to Morgan and Sturtevant, and discuss the traditional debates surrounding the nature of life. Delve into a mathematical perspective on the question "What is Life?" and consider the potential role of mathematics in future bioengineering. Conclude with an analysis of current and projected numerical data on human impact on Earth's ecology. This thought-provoking lecture offers a unique glimpse into the beauty of life through the lens of mathematics, bridging the gap between these two fascinating fields of study.