Dive into the foundations of probability theory and its applications in computer science through this comprehensive lecture from the "Great Theoretical Ideas in Computer Science" series. Explore key concepts such as events, probabilities, conditioning, and the Chain Rule while tracing the historical roots of probability to 17th century France. Engage with practical examples, including the intriguing Silver and Gold problem, and uncover the secret "Principle of Independence" that underpins many probabilistic analyses. Enhance your understanding of how to analyze random code and tackle trickier probability problems in this informative 78-minute session.