Explore renal physiology in this 45-minute lecture from Yale University's Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering course. Delve into nephron anatomy and its role in establishing concentration gradients for secretion and reabsorption of water, ions, nutrients, and wastes. Learn about molecular transport processes involved in urine production, including passive diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Discover methods for measuring glomerular filtration rate using inulin as a tracer molecule. Examine sodium regulation as an example of how nephrons maintain homeostasis. The lecture covers nephron anatomy, ion balance, glomerular filtration rate, selective reabsorption, and water balance, providing a comprehensive overview of kidney function and its importance in maintaining bodily equilibrium.