Dive into a comprehensive lecture on nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones. Explore the various types of renal calculi, including calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite (staghorn), uric acid, and cystine stones. Learn about the formation process of these calculi in the kidneys and understand how they typically pass through the body. Discover the differences between smaller stones that may pass spontaneously and larger, more painful stones that might require surgical intervention. Gain valuable insights into this common urological condition, its symptoms, and potential treatment options. Access accompanying notes and illustrations to enhance your understanding of this complex topic.