Explore the intricacies of blood glucose regulation and diabetes mellitus in this comprehensive medical lecture. Delve into normal blood glucose levels, including fasting and postprandial ranges, and understand the importance of maintaining these levels. Examine the effects of hyperglycemia on various organs, including the central nervous system, retina, and kidneys. Investigate both acute and long-term complications of elevated blood sugar, such as electrolyte imbalances and microvascular damage. Learn about regulatory substances involved in glucose homeostasis and the neurological manifestations of glycopenia. Gain insights into glucose-sensing cells, adrenergic influences, and cardiac effects. Conclude with a thorough revision of key concepts, equipping you with essential knowledge about blood glucose regulation and its implications in diabetes management.