Explore modern OpenGL techniques with Python in this comprehensive conference talk from EuroPython 2016. Delve into the fundamentals of 2D and 3D graphics, including required mathematics and hardware optimization. Trace the evolution of OpenGL over two decades and learn how to interface Python with this powerful graphics library. Gain hands-on experience drawing 2D sprites, loading 3D models, and implementing basic lighting. Cover essential topics like game loops, windowing, shaders, and 3D transformations. Discover advanced concepts such as perspective solving, matrix operations, and various shading approaches. Be prepared for some lower-level programming with GLSL for GPU shaders.