Explore the critical role of S-boxes in cryptography through this 30-minute lecture. Delve into the design principles, properties, and applications of substitution boxes (S-boxes) in modern encryption algorithms. Gain insights into how S-boxes contribute to confusion and diffusion in block ciphers, and understand their importance in ensuring the security and robustness of cryptographic systems. Examine various types of S-boxes, their construction methods, and the criteria used to evaluate their effectiveness in resisting cryptanalysis attacks.