Explore fundamental concepts in data analysis and mathematical reasoning in this 90-minute lecture. Delve into convex regions and convex hulls, understand the intricacies of polls and bias, and master the calculation of expected value. Gain insights into compound interest and exponential functions, while also learning about linear functions and their applications. Discover the power of logarithms, from basic introduction to advanced rules and combinations with exponents. Examine the concept of compactness through Polsby-Popper and Schwartzberg methods. Apply your newfound knowledge to real-world scenarios, such as analyzing expected profit in Sam's Ski Shop case study.