Explore a comprehensive guide on constructing a cost-effective cyber training range. Learn about hardware specifications, operating systems, basic scripting, and crucial decisions regarding internet connectivity. Discover techniques for setting up Apache servers with virtual interfaces, creating dynamic websites, and simulating web requests. Delve into network analysis tools like NMAP, TCPDUMP, and Wireshark, while exploring additional features such as DNS configuration and file forensics. Gain insights on automating Kali Linux, developing offensive ranges, and implementing advanced options like Layer 2 networking and VPNs. Perfect for cybersecurity enthusiasts and professionals looking to build practical, budget-friendly training environments.