Explore the future of optical networking in the cloud and 5G era through this OFC plenary talk by Chengliang Zhang, Vice President of China Telecom Beijing Research Institute. Delve into China's rapid ICT industry growth, the evolution of internet services, and China Telecom's network re-architecture plan. Examine the development of 5G bearer architecture, fronthaul solutions, and the MC-OTN approach for 5G and cloud-oriented networks. Learn about China Telecom's AON 1.0 roadmap and achievements, as well as future growth drivers like video and smart home technologies. Discover how data centers are reshaping optical networks in China and the benefits of AON 2.0 in improving network operation efficiency. Gain insights into next-generation ROADM development, optical-electric convergence, and their impact on maximizing network efficiency in the evolving telecommunications landscape.